A shop was running an alkaline, non-cyanide zinc bath, and the brightness of their parts slowly degraded every week, causing them to seek a solution to the issue.
Adam BlakeleyIn addition, their plating thickness diminished without adjusting time, temperature, current density, or any generic ingredients such as zinc and sodium hydroxide.
The conditioner or replenisher component can be analyzed via atomic absorption spectroscopy or inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy.
Carriers, also called “base” or “initial,” improve deposit distribution — or throwing power — pitting and HCD burning; too much reduces plating efficiency, rate, and dullness. The brightener component refines the deposit appearance, but too much will hurt the efficiency and adhesion.
Running Hull Cell Panels Without Agitation Using Fresh Solution
We had a similar issue with a customer and ran the tests mentioned above. To determine the source of the dullness and thickness disparities, we ran three different Hull cell panels without agitation using a fresh solution. The first panel did not exhibit any burn or nodulation because of zinc hydroxide precipitation along the far left (HCD) area, possibly indicating too much carrier. A light burn means the carrier concentration is within range, and too much burning indicates a low carrier.
The next panel was clear and bright from left to right (HCD to LCD) with no burning in the high or dullness in the low. We did not experience any burning or LCD dullness issues with our 3-amp panel, indicating at least a sufficient amount of both components. Still, there was some dullness on the panel, indicating high carrier.
The last 1-amp panel was dull, indicating an excess carrier or a lack of brightener. This panel should also be fully bright, and special attention should be paid to the LCD area. Any dullness indicates you may be low in either component. Our LCD maintained its clarity and brightness, indicating at least a sufficient amount of carrier and brightener.
Possibility of High Proprietary Organics
The results of the qualitative analysis indicate that the bath might be high in proprietary organics (carrier and/or brightener), so we ran a 1-amp panel in a Hull cell without agitation. The temperature was maintained at 75°F because higher temperatures will give you slightly better throwing power or deposit distribution, which will interfere with the procedure. Lower temperatures will give you slightly worse deposit distribution.
We marked the panel with a Hull cell ruler at the 40, 20, and 5 ASF areas. The actual microns or mils of thickness at these markings differ depending on the system, but many comport to the following thicknesses:
- 40 ASF (HCD) = 3.5–4.5 microns (0.14–0.17 mils)
- 20 ASF (MCD) = 3.0–4.0 microns (0.12–0.16 mils)
- 5 ASF (LCD) = 2.8–3.2 microns (0.11–0.13 mils)
The zinc thickness on our customer’s bath at all three marks was low, indicating high brightener, but we also encountered an extreme degree of thickness uniformity, indicating too much carrier. The plating thickness ratio was a lower range than is given for a well-operating bath. A poor thickness ratio and low thicknesses at all marked densities indicated the bath had too much carrier and brightener.
Because the dullness and the plating rate were due to a highly saturated bath overloaded with proprietary organics, we had our customer gradually taper off the pump speed and volume of these products in 5% and 10% increments. Our customer saw major improvements in all three problem areas within a few weeks.
Adam Blakeley is the Director of Technical Service for the Eastern Region at MacDermid Enthone Industrial Solutions. Contact him at Adam.Blakeley@macdermidenthone.com or visit https://industrial.macdermidenthone.com.
